func (b *PlanBuilder) buildInsert(ctx context.Context, insert *ast.InsertStmt) (Plan, error) {
...

if len(insert.Setlist) > 0 {
		// Branch for `INSERT ... SET ...`.
		err := b.buildSetValuesOfInsert(ctx, insert, insertPlan, mockTablePlan, checkRefColumn)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else if len(insert.Lists) > 0 {
		// Branch for `INSERT ... VALUES ...`.
		err := b.buildValuesListOfInsert(ctx, insert, insertPlan, mockTablePlan, checkRefColumn)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		// Branch for `INSERT ... SELECT ...`.
		err := b.buildSelectPlanOfInsert(ctx, insert, insertPlan)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

...
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) buildValuesListOfInsert(ctx context.Context, insert *ast.InsertStmt, insertPlan *Insert, mockTablePlan *LogicalTableDual, checkRefColumn func(n ast.Node) ast.Node) error {
	affectedValuesCols, err := b.getAffectCols(insert, insertPlan)

...
}

func (b *PlanBuilder) getAffectCols(insertStmt *ast.InsertStmt, insertPlan *Insert) (affectedValuesCols []*table.Column, err error) {
	if len(insertStmt.Columns) > 0 {
		// This branch is for the following scenarios:
		// 1. `INSERT INTO tbl_name (col_name [, col_name] ...) {VALUES | VALUE} (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...`,
		// 2. `INSERT INTO tbl_name (col_name [, col_name] ...) SELECT ...`.
		colName := make([]string, 0, len(insertStmt.Columns))
		for _, col := range insertStmt.Columns {
			colName = append(colName, col.Name.O)
		}
		var missingColName string
		affectedValuesCols, missingColName = table.FindCols(insertPlan.Table.VisibleCols(), colName, insertPlan.Table.Meta().PKIsHandle)
		if missingColName != "" {
			return nil, ErrUnknownColumn.GenWithStackByArgs(missingColName, clauseMsg[fieldList])
		}
	} else if len(insertStmt.Setlist) == 0 {
		// This branch is for the following scenarios:
		// 1. `INSERT INTO tbl_name {VALUES | VALUE} (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...`,
		// 2. `INSERT INTO tbl_name SELECT ...`.
		affectedValuesCols = insertPlan.Table.VisibleCols()
	}
	return affectedValuesCols, nil
}

// VisibleCols implements table.Table VisibleCols interface.
func (t *TableCommon) VisibleCols() []*table.Column {
	if len(t.VisibleColumns) > 0 {
		return t.VisibleColumns
	}
	return t.getCols(visible)
}

func (t *TableCommon) getCols(mode getColsMode) []*table.Column {
	columns := make([]*table.Column, 0, len(t.Columns))
	for _, col := range t.Columns {
		if col.State != model.StatePublic {
			continue
		}
		if (mode == visible && col.Hidden) || (mode == hidden && !col.Hidden) {
			continue
		}
		columns = append(columns, col)
	}
	return columns
}

rowid, name,        role, value
1,   "TiDB", "SQL Layer", 10
2,   "TiKV", "KV Engine", 20
3,     "PD",   "Manager", 30

rowid,   name, school, age, graduate date, personID(unique)
1, "XiaoMing", "A",     19,    2020-06-20, 210283
2, "XiaoHong", "C",     19,    2019-03-20, 270447
3, "XiaoWang", "B",     18,    2018-07-01, 159668

t1_i1_intFlag{10}_1 --> null
t1_i1_intFlag{20}_2 --> null
t1_i1_intFlag{30}_3 --> null
t1_r1 --> ["TiDB", "SQL Layer", 10]
t1_r2 --> ["TiKV", "KV Engine", 20] 
t1_r3 --> ["PD", "Manager", 30]
t2_i1_bytesFlag{A}_1 --> null
t2_i1_bytesFlag{B}_3 --> null
t2_i1_bytesFlag{C}_2 --> null
t2_i2_uintFlag{18}_3 --> null
t2_i2_uintFlag{19}_1 --> null
t2_i2_uintFlag{19}_2 --> null
t2_i3_uintFlag{2018-07-01}_3 --> null
t2_i3_uintFlag{2019-03-20}_2 --> null
t2_i3_uintFlag{2020-06-20}_1 --> null
t2_i4_uintFlag{159668} --> 3
t2_i4_uintFlag{210283} --> 1
t2_i4_uintFlag{270447} --> 2
t2_r1 --> ["XiaoMing", "A", 19, 2020-06-20]
t2_r2 --> ["XiaoHong", "B", 19, 2019-03-20]
t2_r3 --> ["XiaoWang", "C", 18, 2018-07-01]

const (
    NilFlag          byte = 0
    bytesFlag        byte = 1
    compactBytesFlag byte = 2
    intFlag          byte = 3
    uintFlag         byte = 4
    floatFlag        byte = 5
    decimalFlag      byte = 6
    durationFlag     byte = 7
    varintFlag       byte = 8
    uvarintFlag      byte = 9
    jsonFlag         byte = 10
    maxFlag          byte = 250
)

Null       --> NilFlag byte = 0
MinNotNull --> bytesFlag byte = 1
MaxValue   --> maxFlag byte = 250

// Point is the end point of range interval.
type point struct {
    value types.Datum
    excl  bool // exclude
    start bool
}

// RangeType is alias for int.
type RangeType int

// RangeType constants.
const (
    IntRangeType RangeType = iota
    ColumnRangeType
    IndexRangeType
)

// Range represents a range generated in physical plan building phase.
type Range struct {
    LowVal  []types.Datum
    HighVal []types.Datum

    LowExclude  bool // Low value is exclusive.
    HighExclude bool // High value is exclusive.
}

// fullRange is (-∞, +∞).
var fullRange = []point{
    {start: true},
    {value: types.MaxValueDatum()},
}

FullIntRange unsigned [0, MaxUint64] signed [MinInt64, MaxInt64]
FullRange [,MaxValueDatum) [null, +∞)
FullNotNullRange (MinNotNullDatum, MaxValueDatum) (-∞, +∞)
NullRange [,] [null, null]

const (
    NilFlag          byte = 0
    bytesFlag        byte = 1
    compactBytesFlag byte = 2
    intFlag          byte = 3
    uintFlag         byte = 4
    floatFlag        byte = 5
    decimalFlag      byte = 6
    durationFlag     byte = 7
    varintFlag       byte = 8
    uvarintFlag      byte = 9
    jsonFlag         byte = 10
    maxFlag          byte = 250
)

func encodeFloatToCmpUint64(f float64) uint64 {
    u := math.Float64bits(f)
    if f >= 0 {
        u |= signMask
    } else {
        u = ^u 
    }
    return u
}

func encodeString(b []byte, val types.Datum, comparable bool) []byte{
    if collate.NewCollationEnabled() && comparable {
        return encodeBytes(b, collate.GetCollator(val.Collation()).Key(val.GetString()), true)
    }
    return encodeBytes(b, val.GetBytes(), comparable)
}

// ToPackedUint encodes Time to a packed uint64 value.
//
//    1 bit  0
//   17 bits year*13+month   (year 0-9999, month 0-12)
//    5 bits day             (0-31)
//    5 bits hour            (0-23)
//    6 bits minute          (0-59)
//    6 bits second          (0-59)
//   24 bits microseconds    (0-999999)
//
//   Total: 64 bits = 8 bytes
//
//   0YYYYYYY.YYYYYYYY.YYdddddh.hhhhmmmm.mmssssss.ffffffff.ffffffff.ffffffff

// TypeCodeObject indicates the JSON is an object.
TypeCodeObject TypeCode = 0x01
// TypeCodeArray indicates the JSON is an array.
TypeCodeArray TypeCode = 0x03
// TypeCodeLiteral indicates the JSON is a literal.
TypeCodeLiteral TypeCode = 0x04
// TypeCodeInt64 indicates the JSON is a signed integer.
TypeCodeInt64 TypeCode = 0x09
// TypeCodeUint64 indicates the JSON is a unsigned integer.
TypeCodeUint64 TypeCode = 0x0a
// TypeCodeFloat64 indicates the JSON is a double float number.
TypeCodeFloat64 TypeCode = 0x0b
// TypeCodeString indicates the JSON is a string.
TypeCodeString TypeCode = 0x0c

Value []byte